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	<title>Comments on: Tundra, Part 2:  The point of no return</title>
	<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/</link>
	<description>The Latest on Climate Science, Solutions, and Politics</description>
	<pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2008 17:44:43 +0000</pubDate>
	<generator>http://wordpress.org/?v=2.1</generator>

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		<title>By: Ben</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13208</link>
		<author>Ben</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 12:28:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13208</guid>
					<description>Good god that was depressing.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Good god that was depressing.</p>
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		<title>By: Earl Killian</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13211</link>
		<author>Earl Killian</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 13:38:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13211</guid>
					<description>It helps to remember that Earth's atmosphere originally contained no free oxygen.  Earth's second atmosphere was originally all nitrogen and CO2.  Most of the CO2 became carbonate rock, but enough was converted by plants to O2 through photosynthesis.  It now contains 209,460 ppm O2.  99% of that O2 came from the splitting of water by photosynthesis coincident with use of CO2 to make sugar and cellulose (this started about 3.3 billion years ago in bacteria).  Much of that O2 went to oxidizing minerals (e.g. iron), so the amount of photosynthesis was larger than the 209,460 ppm suggests.  The point is that somewhere on Earth are plant remains (carbon) sufficient to combust with 209,460 ppm O2.  The tundra is just one &lt;i&gt;small&lt;/i&gt; repository of photosynthetic storage.  For example, the clathrates also hold enormous quantities of carbon (in the form of CH4).  It would be much better if we don't release them.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It helps to remember that Earth&#8217;s atmosphere originally contained no free oxygen.  Earth&#8217;s second atmosphere was originally all nitrogen and CO2.  Most of the CO2 became carbonate rock, but enough was converted by plants to O2 through photosynthesis.  It now contains 209,460 ppm O2.  99% of that O2 came from the splitting of water by photosynthesis coincident with use of CO2 to make sugar and cellulose (this started about 3.3 billion years ago in bacteria).  Much of that O2 went to oxidizing minerals (e.g. iron), so the amount of photosynthesis was larger than the 209,460 ppm suggests.  The point is that somewhere on Earth are plant remains (carbon) sufficient to combust with 209,460 ppm O2.  The tundra is just one <i>small</i> repository of photosynthetic storage.  For example, the clathrates also hold enormous quantities of carbon (in the form of CH4).  It would be much better if we don&#8217;t release them.</p>
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		<title>By: kenlevenson</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13218</link>
		<author>kenlevenson</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 14:31:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13218</guid>
					<description>Earl, so you're piling on the good news this morning?  ;) 
  
Perhaps off the mark -  but looking at the graph above, knowing it doesn't account for melting permafrost feedbacks (right?) - intuitively, it looks to me like, if we include those feedbacks, it would  drop to zero by 2050.  No?  (Am I not reading this right?  Or reading too much into it?)

Scenarios are starting to make Lovelock look not so crazy anymore...but  prescient.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Earl, so you&#8217;re piling on the good news this morning?  <img src='http://climateprogress.org/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
<p>Perhaps off the mark -  but looking at the graph above, knowing it doesn&#8217;t account for melting permafrost feedbacks (right?) - intuitively, it looks to me like, if we include those feedbacks, it would  drop to zero by 2050.  No?  (Am I not reading this right?  Or reading too much into it?)</p>
<p>Scenarios are starting to make Lovelock look not so crazy anymore&#8230;but  prescient.</p>
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		<title>By: kim</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13220</link>
		<author>kim</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 14:51:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13220</guid>
					<description>You can forget runaway catastrophes.  Spencer, in a reply to the Great Raymond T. Pierrehumbert, at Pielke Pere's site climatesci.org. explain how the climate models all have climate sensitivity wrong.  It is simple and elegant, the explanation, I mean.
=======================</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>You can forget runaway catastrophes.  Spencer, in a reply to the Great Raymond T. Pierrehumbert, at Pielke Pere&#8217;s site climatesci.org. explain how the climate models all have climate sensitivity wrong.  It is simple and elegant, the explanation, I mean.<br />
=======================</p>
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		<title>By: kim</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13221</link>
		<author>kim</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 14:52:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13221</guid>
					<description>So you can chill.  Emulate the earth.
====================</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>So you can chill.  Emulate the earth.<br />
====================</p>
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		<title>By: kenlevenson</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13228</link>
		<author>kenlevenson</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 15:34:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13228</guid>
					<description>OMG....call me sally, but I didn't realize there was a Sr. in the field too....

Given this choice quote (quickly pulled from an abundance of possibilities) from Sr. on his 4-28-08 post:

"The current focus of the IPCC and others on climate change with their emphasis on global warming, as a guise to promote energy policy, therefore, is an erroneous and dishonest approach to communicate energy policy to policymakers and the public. The optimal energy policy requires expertise and assessments that involves a much broader community than the climate science profession."   linky - http://climatesci.org/category/ra-pielke-sr-position-statements/

Is it me, or does it feel like an Irving Kristol/Bill Kristol thing going on?  No?

It's all much clearer to me...thanks Kim.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>OMG&#8230;.call me sally, but I didn&#8217;t realize there was a Sr. in the field too&#8230;.</p>
<p>Given this choice quote (quickly pulled from an abundance of possibilities) from Sr. on his 4-28-08 post:</p>
<p>&#8220;The current focus of the IPCC and others on climate change with their emphasis on global warming, as a guise to promote energy policy, therefore, is an erroneous and dishonest approach to communicate energy policy to policymakers and the public. The optimal energy policy requires expertise and assessments that involves a much broader community than the climate science profession.&#8221;   linky - <a href="http://climatesci.org/category/ra-pielke-sr-position-statements/" rel="nofollow">http://climatesci.org/<span style="font-size: 1px;"> </span>category/<span style="font-size: 1px;"> </span>ra-pielke-sr-position-statements/<span style="font-size: 1px;"> </span></a></p>
<p>Is it me, or does it feel like an Irving Kristol/Bill Kristol thing going on?  No?</p>
<p>It&#8217;s all much clearer to me&#8230;thanks Kim.</p>
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		<title>By: Dano</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13229</link>
		<author>Dano</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 15:39:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13229</guid>
					<description>&lt;i&gt;It is simple and elegant, the explanation, I mean. &lt;/i&gt;

What is also simple is the typical seizure by the denialist crowd to grasp the latest of anything that they hope validates their ideology. Many times they have done this, many times we see that time has told us of this tactic (CRF being the latest).

What science does, as Spencer says, is look at work and test it in different ways. Has anyone taken Spencer's work to heart on their models yet? No? Then we don't know whether he is right or wrong*. Therefore we can't use a blog post or single paper as evidence yet. 

In the meantime, society has moved on and is debating adaptation and mitigation strategies. That's right: what will we do in the face of future warming (much of it man-made, as Spencer says is plausible)? That's what society is discussing now. Will the future decision-making be better informed when modeling is more robust? Certainly.

Best,

D

* Note to denialists: this does not mean I reject Spencer's findings. Don't try to make it sound as if I do.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i>It is simple and elegant, the explanation, I mean. </i></p>
<p>What is also simple is the typical seizure by the denialist crowd to grasp the latest of anything that they hope validates their ideology. Many times they have done this, many times we see that time has told us of this tactic (CRF being the latest).</p>
<p>What science does, as Spencer says, is look at work and test it in different ways. Has anyone taken Spencer&#8217;s work to heart on their models yet? No? Then we don&#8217;t know whether he is right or wrong*. Therefore we can&#8217;t use a blog post or single paper as evidence yet. </p>
<p>In the meantime, society has moved on and is debating adaptation and mitigation strategies. That&#8217;s right: what will we do in the face of future warming (much of it man-made, as Spencer says is plausible)? That&#8217;s what society is discussing now. Will the future decision-making be better informed when modeling is more robust? Certainly.</p>
<p>Best,</p>
<p>D</p>
<p>* Note to denialists: this does not mean I reject Spencer&#8217;s findings. Don&#8217;t try to make it sound as if I do.</p>
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		<title>By: Dano</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13230</link>
		<author>Dano</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 15:43:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13230</guid>
					<description>kenlev pulls out the nut:

&lt;blockquote&gt;The current focus of the IPCC and others on climate change with their emphasis on global warming, as a guise to promote energy policy, therefore, is an erroneous and dishonest approach to communicate energy policy to policymakers and the public. &lt;/blockquote&gt;

RP Sr finally comes out and says it. Certainly his hobbyhorse of land-use change is a component of man-made climate change, but a minor part and not all of it. 

The current energy policy of most countries on this planet looks likely to be a major component of the recent man-made climate change, so it is entirely appropriate to communicate an approach to alter current energy policy to avoid additional climate impacts. 

IOW: RP Sr sez doublespeak buncombe. 

Best,

D</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>kenlev pulls out the nut:</p>
<blockquote><p>The current focus of the IPCC and others on climate change with their emphasis on global warming, as a guise to promote energy policy, therefore, is an erroneous and dishonest approach to communicate energy policy to policymakers and the public. </p></blockquote>
<p>RP Sr finally comes out and says it. Certainly his hobbyhorse of land-use change is a component of man-made climate change, but a minor part and not all of it. </p>
<p>The current energy policy of most countries on this planet looks likely to be a major component of the recent man-made climate change, so it is entirely appropriate to communicate an approach to alter current energy policy to avoid additional climate impacts. </p>
<p>IOW: RP Sr sez doublespeak buncombe. </p>
<p>Best,</p>
<p>D</p>
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		<title>By: exusian</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13235</link>
		<author>exusian</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 16:30:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13235</guid>
					<description>kim Says: "It is simple and elegant..."

And wrong.

As usual.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>kim Says: &#8220;It is simple and elegant&#8230;&#8221;</p>
<p>And wrong.</p>
<p>As usual.</p>
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		<title>By: Gestur</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13238</link>
		<author>Gestur</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 17:26:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13238</guid>
					<description>And when I look at this graph, it appears that from 1900 to 2000, the permafrost area has declined from 12 (or you could take 13 a little later) millions of km^2 to something like 10 millions of km^2. Using the 13 to 10 rate, that’s about a 0.26% annual rate of decline over this 100 year time period, and it’s about a 0.18% annual rate of decline using the 12 to 10 endpoints. So those rates of loss of area have been experienced already, it appears. 

I have no knowledge of the intensity of CO4 release from the permafrost and into the atmosphere arising from this loss area of permafrost—is all permafrost equal?—so that loss of area doesn’t necessarily translate into released CO4 of similar rates. But isn’t it likely that this historical loss has resulted in some CO4 emissions? 

Given this, and as a point of clarification, I think a better tack to take would be to discuss the much larger magnitude of the loss possible under various temperature rising scenarii. Again just eyeballing this graph, it looks like the SRES A2 would decline to around 3.5 millions of km^2 by 2050, which is again about a 2.1% annual decline, or some 11 times larger than the 0.18% decline. Even the SRES B1 looks to decline to 5 millions of km^2 by 2050, which is again about a 1.4% annual decline, or some 7.6 times larger than the 0.18% decline. Both of which are huge accelerations in the rates of loss of permafrost and hence potential release of CO4.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>And when I look at this graph, it appears that from 1900 to 2000, the permafrost area has declined from 12 (or you could take 13 a little later) millions of km^2 to something like 10 millions of km^2. Using the 13 to 10 rate, that’s about a 0.26% annual rate of decline over this 100 year time period, and it’s about a 0.18% annual rate of decline using the 12 to 10 endpoints. So those rates of loss of area have been experienced already, it appears. </p>
<p>I have no knowledge of the intensity of CO4 release from the permafrost and into the atmosphere arising from this loss area of permafrost—is all permafrost equal?—so that loss of area doesn’t necessarily translate into released CO4 of similar rates. But isn’t it likely that this historical loss has resulted in some CO4 emissions? </p>
<p>Given this, and as a point of clarification, I think a better tack to take would be to discuss the much larger magnitude of the loss possible under various temperature rising scenarii. Again just eyeballing this graph, it looks like the SRES A2 would decline to around 3.5 millions of km^2 by 2050, which is again about a 2.1% annual decline, or some 11 times larger than the 0.18% decline. Even the SRES B1 looks to decline to 5 millions of km^2 by 2050, which is again about a 1.4% annual decline, or some 7.6 times larger than the 0.18% decline. Both of which are huge accelerations in the rates of loss of permafrost and hence potential release of CO4.</p>
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		<title>By: Ronald</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13242</link>
		<author>Ronald</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 18:36:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13242</guid>
					<description>I agree with Ben when he says that looks depressing.

We had in our large local newspaper an editorial from George Will about how we don’t have to worry or even think about global warming, all the worry is about some Polar Bears dying and we should just decide to not hunt them, everything would be fine.   I wish our newspaper would have articles about this subject from people explaining the real dire possibility of catastrophe from those who can explain that kind of stuff instead of stuff writing that stuff from a longtime political hack.  

How should we look at Global Warming, with pessimism or optimism?   I sure do think that many try to never think that we may be giving future generations trouble.  We do in our minds look at them with the mental filters we evaluate all information with.  I think I try hard to look at it with realism, not pessimism or optimism.   But if these studies are realism, all that realism is sure depressing.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I agree with Ben when he says that looks depressing.</p>
<p>We had in our large local newspaper an editorial from George Will about how we don’t have to worry or even think about global warming, all the worry is about some Polar Bears dying and we should just decide to not hunt them, everything would be fine.   I wish our newspaper would have articles about this subject from people explaining the real dire possibility of catastrophe from those who can explain that kind of stuff instead of stuff writing that stuff from a longtime political hack.  </p>
<p>How should we look at Global Warming, with pessimism or optimism?   I sure do think that many try to never think that we may be giving future generations trouble.  We do in our minds look at them with the mental filters we evaluate all information with.  I think I try hard to look at it with realism, not pessimism or optimism.   But if these studies are realism, all that realism is sure depressing.</p>
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		<title>By: kim</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13246</link>
		<author>kim</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 18:54:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13246</guid>
					<description>exusian, it is simply amazing how well you've demonstrated Spencer and me to be wrong.
====================</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>exusian, it is simply amazing how well you&#8217;ve demonstrated Spencer and me to be wrong.<br />
====================</p>
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		<title>By: Tom G</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13249</link>
		<author>Tom G</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 19:05:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13249</guid>
					<description>Something that troubles me is the methane coming from the Siberian permafrost during the winter.
My understanding is methane comes from "wet" permafrost. Frozen bogs.
Yet these bogs continue release the gas even when they should be re-frozen during the winter.
Could these be small pockets of gaseous methane trapped in these areas?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Something that troubles me is the methane coming from the Siberian permafrost during the winter.<br />
My understanding is methane comes from &#8220;wet&#8221; permafrost. Frozen bogs.<br />
Yet these bogs continue release the gas even when they should be re-frozen during the winter.<br />
Could these be small pockets of gaseous methane trapped in these areas?</p>
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		<title>By: kim</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13250</link>
		<author>kim</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 19:19:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13250</guid>
					<description>Dano won't know what to think of Spencer's paper until someone tells him.
======================================</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dano won&#8217;t know what to think of Spencer&#8217;s paper until someone tells him.<br />
======================================</p>
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		<title>By: exusian</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13254</link>
		<author>exusian</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 19:37:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13254</guid>
					<description>And when did the troll known as kim ever demonstrate anything?

Try the RealClimate post on Spencer for all the demonstrating a rational person needs.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>And when did the troll known as kim ever demonstrate anything?</p>
<p>Try the RealClimate post on Spencer for all the demonstrating a rational person needs.</p>
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		<title>By: Greg N</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13264</link>
		<author>Greg N</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 21:06:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13264</guid>
					<description>A news report from the BBC today is an interesting read - there are indications that the Arctic region is responsible for last year's methane increase

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7408808.stm</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A news report from the BBC today is an interesting read - there are indications that the Arctic region is responsible for last year&#8217;s methane increase</p>
<p><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7408808.stm" rel="nofollow">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7408808.stm</a></p>
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		<title>By: kenlevenson</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13268</link>
		<author>kenlevenson</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 21:16:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13268</guid>
					<description>Earl, 

To follow on your clathrates comment - did you see this New Scientist article? (subscription for the whole thing) http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/climate-change/mg19826575.000-earth-may-hide-a-lethal-carbon-cache.html?feedId=climate-change_rss20

"Perhaps the greatest threat of an unexpected release of carbon from the deep comes from an indirect effect of human-made CO2. Global warming could destabilise some deep carbon reserves, notably in clathrates - ice lattices which are found beneath the ocean floor and continental permafrost, and even under freshwater lakes like Lake Baikal in Siberia (pictured). These ice structures may hold trillions of tonnes of methane. ...
"If you raise temperatures even slightly, they could be released." According to Ronald Cohen, a geophysicist at the Carnegie Institution, natural warming caused large releases of methane around 55 million years ago.
...Though the deep carbon cycle could theoretically absorb human-made emissions, Hazen points out that this would take millions of years. Catastrophic methane emissions could happen over just a few decades....Natural processes such as volcanism are also known to bring carbon to the surface, but there may be other mechanisms to release buried carbon that have not been considered by mainstream climate science. For example, there is growing evidence that microbes living deep in the crust may be converting carbon into forms that can migrate to the surface - notably methane."

Joe, perhaps another feel good series on clathrates?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Earl, </p>
<p>To follow on your clathrates comment - did you see this New Scientist article? (subscription for the whole thing) <a href="http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/climate-change/mg19826575.000-earth-may-hide-a-lethal-carbon-cache.html?feedId=climate-change_rss20" rel="nofollow">http://environment.newscientist.com/<span style="font-size: 1px;"> </span>channel/<span style="font-size: 1px;"> </span>earth/<span style="font-size: 1px;"> </span>climate-change/<span style="font-size: 1px;"> </span>mg19826575.000-earth-may-hide-a-lethal-carbon-cache.html?feedId=climate-change_rss20</a></p>
<p>&#8220;Perhaps the greatest threat of an unexpected release of carbon from the deep comes from an indirect effect of human-made CO2. Global warming could destabilise some deep carbon reserves, notably in clathrates - ice lattices which are found beneath the ocean floor and continental permafrost, and even under freshwater lakes like Lake Baikal in Siberia (pictured). These ice structures may hold trillions of tonnes of methane. &#8230;<br />
&#8220;If you raise temperatures even slightly, they could be released.&#8221; According to Ronald Cohen, a geophysicist at the Carnegie Institution, natural warming caused large releases of methane around 55 million years ago.<br />
&#8230;Though the deep carbon cycle could theoretically absorb human-made emissions, Hazen points out that this would take millions of years. Catastrophic methane emissions could happen over just a few decades&#8230;.Natural processes such as volcanism are also known to bring carbon to the surface, but there may be other mechanisms to release buried carbon that have not been considered by mainstream climate science. For example, there is growing evidence that microbes living deep in the crust may be converting carbon into forms that can migrate to the surface - notably methane.&#8221;</p>
<p>Joe, perhaps another feel good series on clathrates?</p>
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		<title>By: Scott M.</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13272</link>
		<author>Scott M.</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 21:33:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13272</guid>
					<description>Tundra thawing has directly demonstrated for the last interglacial, and by inference, for previous warm periods between ice age maxima over the last couple of million years.  See for example Pewe et al., 1997, GSA Special Paper 319, "Eva Interglaciation Forest Bed, Unglaciated East-Central Alaska".  From their abstract:  "...the warm interglacial was characterized by deep and rapid thawing of permafrost and erosion of loess ... "  Pewe et al. document white spruce stumps and logs that were up to 200 years old at time of burial under what is now present-day tundra.  Being as how white spruce does not grow on permafrost, the terrane must have been thawn out for centuries (if not millenia) at the height of the last interglacial.
    And yet, the world didn't end ... :-/</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tundra thawing has directly demonstrated for the last interglacial, and by inference, for previous warm periods between ice age maxima over the last couple of million years.  See for example Pewe et al., 1997, GSA Special Paper 319, &#8220;Eva Interglaciation Forest Bed, Unglaciated East-Central Alaska&#8221;.  From their abstract:  &#8220;&#8230;the warm interglacial was characterized by deep and rapid thawing of permafrost and erosion of loess &#8230; &#8221;  Pewe et al. document white spruce stumps and logs that were up to 200 years old at time of burial under what is now present-day tundra.  Being as how white spruce does not grow on permafrost, the terrane must have been thawn out for centuries (if not millenia) at the height of the last interglacial.<br />
    And yet, the world didn&#8217;t end &#8230; :-/</p>
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		<title>By: Traddles</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13274</link>
		<author>Traddles</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 21:48:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13274</guid>
					<description>Scott M., it's like George Carlin says, "The planet's going to be fine...it's humanity that's fucked."</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Scott M., it&#8217;s like George Carlin says, &#8220;The planet&#8217;s going to be fine&#8230;it&#8217;s humanity that&#8217;s fucked.&#8221;</p>
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		<title>By: David B. Benson</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13276</link>
		<author>David B. Benson</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 22:36:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13276</guid>
					<description>Scott M. wrote "... the terrane must have been thawn out for centuries (if not millenia) at the height of the last interglacial."  I doubt this is necessary for white spruce.  I suspect it suffices for the ground to thaw to just below root depth.

Have you references?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Scott M. wrote &#8220;&#8230; the terrane must have been thawn out for centuries (if not millenia) at the height of the last interglacial.&#8221;  I doubt this is necessary for white spruce.  I suspect it suffices for the ground to thaw to just below root depth.</p>
<p>Have you references?</p>
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		<title>By: Joe</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13277</link>
		<author>Joe</author>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 22:38:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13277</guid>
					<description>Greg -- nice catch.  I'll stick it in the next post.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Greg &#8212; nice catch.  I&#8217;ll stick it in the next post.</p>
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		<title>By: Robert</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13292</link>
		<author>Robert</author>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 May 2008 01:37:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13292</guid>
					<description>If you are considering very long timescales then the sun's luminosity becomes an important factor. 500 million years ago the sun's luminosity was 6% less than today:

http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/science/timeline/

The Gaia hypothesis suggests that the earth regulates its temperature by modulating atmospheric CO2. The recent natural level of 280ppm is low historically, but this may be because "Gaia" is fighting a losing battle against the long term rise in luminosity. In which case we are playing with fire by artificially raising CO2 at all. No level should be considered safe, and certainly not 450 ppm+</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If you are considering very long timescales then the sun&#8217;s luminosity becomes an important factor. 500 million years ago the sun&#8217;s luminosity was 6% less than today:</p>
<p><a href="http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/science/timeline/" rel="nofollow">http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/science/timeline/</a></p>
<p>The Gaia hypothesis suggests that the earth regulates its temperature by modulating atmospheric CO2. The recent natural level of 280ppm is low historically, but this may be because &#8220;Gaia&#8221; is fighting a losing battle against the long term rise in luminosity. In which case we are playing with fire by artificially raising CO2 at all. No level should be considered safe, and certainly not 450 ppm+</p>
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		<title>By: Dano</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13295</link>
		<author>Dano</author>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 May 2008 02:30:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13295</guid>
					<description>&lt;i&gt;500 million years ago the sun’s luminosity was 6% less than today:
 &lt;/i&gt;

And the moon was much closer, exerting much more tidal force on the earth. 

Personally, I'm polluted with an ecological education &#38; I'd say Gaia adapts rather than modulates. She's not moving the moon away &#38; lessening volcanism as a result. But that's just me.

Best,

D</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i>500 million years ago the sun’s luminosity was 6% less than today:<br />
 </i></p>
<p>And the moon was much closer, exerting much more tidal force on the earth. </p>
<p>Personally, I&#8217;m polluted with an ecological education &amp; I&#8217;d say Gaia adapts rather than modulates. She&#8217;s not moving the moon away &amp; lessening volcanism as a result. But that&#8217;s just me.</p>
<p>Best,</p>
<p>D</p>
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		<title>By: kim</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13299</link>
		<author>kim</author>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 May 2008 03:35:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13299</guid>
					<description>Interesting, Robert.  I've wondered if the interworkings of the biosphere with the sun have kept the earth perched near the edge of glaciation.  Vulcanism is the source of CO2 and critters, powered by the sun, virtually permanently sequester carbon as hydrocarbons and carbonates.  As the earth heats, the biosphere goes into high gear, and as it cools and ices, it goes into granny.  This is a self-regulable cycle.  Keeping us on the cusp of glaciation is a marvelous response to the gradual increase in insolation.  
====================================</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Interesting, Robert.  I&#8217;ve wondered if the interworkings of the biosphere with the sun have kept the earth perched near the edge of glaciation.  Vulcanism is the source of CO2 and critters, powered by the sun, virtually permanently sequester carbon as hydrocarbons and carbonates.  As the earth heats, the biosphere goes into high gear, and as it cools and ices, it goes into granny.  This is a self-regulable cycle.  Keeping us on the cusp of glaciation is a marvelous response to the gradual increase in insolation.<br />
====================================</p>
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		<title>By: paulm</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13304</link>
		<author>paulm</author>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 May 2008 07:00:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13304</guid>
					<description>....No one knows for sure, but my vote goes for the point at which we start to lose a substantial fraction of the tundra’s carbon to the atmosphere —.....

I would say from the graph we are pretty much there. The next 18 months will tell. It was pretty much the same for the arctic sea ice. I mentioned on seeing the graph, posted in here, that it looked like it had tipped for 2007 - well they are now saying an ice free arctic next year! 

These graphs are scary, but many (even those in the know) seem to be in denial as to the catastrophic message they are portraying.

The permafrost melt is pretty dire - I don't see how higher concentrations of CO2 are avoidable now, what ever action we take.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8230;.No one knows for sure, but my vote goes for the point at which we start to lose a substantial fraction of the tundra’s carbon to the atmosphere —&#8230;..</p>
<p>I would say from the graph we are pretty much there. The next 18 months will tell. It was pretty much the same for the arctic sea ice. I mentioned on seeing the graph, posted in here, that it looked like it had tipped for 2007 - well they are now saying an ice free arctic next year! </p>
<p>These graphs are scary, but many (even those in the know) seem to be in denial as to the catastrophic message they are portraying.</p>
<p>The permafrost melt is pretty dire - I don&#8217;t see how higher concentrations of CO2 are avoidable now, what ever action we take.</p>
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		<title>By: Reader</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13309</link>
		<author>Reader</author>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 May 2008 15:03:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13309</guid>
					<description>Robert,

The Gaia hypothesis also places us humans within the system or superorganism. In what way do you suppose our actions are 'unnatural' and a cause for concern? Is it possible we just aren't seeing the big picture?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Robert,</p>
<p>The Gaia hypothesis also places us humans within the system or superorganism. In what way do you suppose our actions are &#8216;unnatural&#8217; and a cause for concern? Is it possible we just aren&#8217;t seeing the big picture?</p>
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		<title>By: David B. Benson</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13325</link>
		<author>David B. Benson</author>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 May 2008 18:56:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13325</guid>
					<description>Gaia doesn't care about whole families that go extinct, much less mere genera and species.  I don't think you can count on Gaia to do anything as Homo Spaiens self-distructs.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Gaia doesn&#8217;t care about whole families that go extinct, much less mere genera and species.  I don&#8217;t think you can count on Gaia to do anything as Homo Spaiens self-distructs.</p>
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		<title>By: David B. Benson</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13329</link>
		<author>David B. Benson</author>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 May 2008 20:36:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13329</guid>
					<description>Oops. 'Homo sapiens'</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Oops. &#8216;Homo sapiens&#8217;</p>
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		<title>By: Greg N</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13354</link>
		<author>Greg N</author>
		<pubDate>Sun, 25 May 2008 10:18:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13354</guid>
					<description>Oops. ‘Homo sapiens’

That's what the planet's saying.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Oops. ‘Homo sapiens’</p>
<p>That&#8217;s what the planet&#8217;s saying.</p>
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		<title>By: kim</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13363</link>
		<author>kim</author>
		<pubDate>Sun, 25 May 2008 12:03:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13363</guid>
					<description>No, Greg, that's what the people who think the world is overpopulated say.  Quite a little dilemma of identity they face, and they are facing it disreputably, so far.
===================================================</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>No, Greg, that&#8217;s what the people who think the world is overpopulated say.  Quite a little dilemma of identity they face, and they are facing it disreputably, so far.<br />
===================================================</p>
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		<title>By: David B. Benson</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13408</link>
		<author>David B. Benson</author>
		<pubDate>Sun, 25 May 2008 21:33:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13408</guid>
					<description>The Holocene is termination 1.  The Eem/Sangamon is termination 2.  Looking back in the Vostok ice ccore record, termination 4 was far warmer than the following three.

Somehow, I can't (yet) get too excited about a small amount of methane release.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Holocene is termination 1.  The Eem/Sangamon is termination 2.  Looking back in the Vostok ice ccore record, termination 4 was far warmer than the following three.</p>
<p>Somehow, I can&#8217;t (yet) get too excited about a small amount of methane release.</p>
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		<title>By: kenlevenson</title>
		<link>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13466</link>
		<author>kenlevenson</author>
		<pubDate>Mon, 26 May 2008 20:50:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid>http://climateprogress.org/2008/05/23/tundra-part-2-the-point-of-no-return/#comment-13466</guid>
					<description>David,
Relatively small compared to what is coming perhaps - but according to Fred Pearce Siberian melt is already releasing the equivalent of ALL U.S. man made GHG emissions....that evokes a "holy sh*t" in my mind.
http://books.google.com/books?id=otocIlRRVPcC&#38;pg=PA79&#38;dq=Fred+Pearce,+which+meant+a+warming+effect+on+the+planet+greater+than+that+of+all+the+U.S.&#38;ei=GfQ1SLzkDJyUywTI_5XqDw&#38;client=firefox-a&#38;sig=7dT3ovC7HTREtjtsHdn2l5rQUpo</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>David,<br />
Relatively small compared to what is coming perhaps - but according to Fred Pearce Siberian melt is already releasing the equivalent of ALL U.S. man made GHG emissions&#8230;.that evokes a &#8220;holy sh*t&#8221; in my mind.<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=otocIlRRVPcC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=Fred+Pearce,+which+meant+a+warming+effect+on+the+planet+greater+than+that+of+all+the+U.S.&amp;ei=GfQ1SLzkDJyUywTI_5XqDw&amp;client=firefox-a&amp;sig=7dT3ovC7HTREtjtsHdn2l5rQUpo" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/<span style="font-size: 1px;"> </span>books?id=otocIlRRVPcC&amp;pg=PA79&amp;dq=Fred+Pearce,+which+meant+a+warming+effect+on+the+planet+greater+than+that+of+all+the+U.S.&amp;ei=GfQ1SLzkDJyUywTI_5XqDw&amp;client=firefox-a&amp;sig=7dT3ovC7HTREtjtsHdn2l5rQUpo</a></p>
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